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Petroleum Chemistry Articles
ORIGIN OIL EARTH
Petroleum (English: petroleum, from Latin petrus - coral and oleum - oil), dubbed also as black gold, is a viscous liquid, dark brown, or flammable greenness, which lies at the top of some areas of the Earth's crust . Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes, but varies in appearance, composition, and purity.
Some scientists claim that oil is an abiotic substance, which means it is not derived from fossils but derives from inorganic substances produced naturally in the bowels of the earth. However, this view is doubtful in the scientific environment.
1. Formation of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
Energy sources that are widely used for cooking, motor vehicles and industries derived from petroleum, natural gas and coal. These three types of fuel come from weathering the remains of organisms so called fossil fuels. Petroleum and natural gas are derived from corpses of sea, plants and animals that died about 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms settled on the ocean floor, which was then covered by mud. The mud layer gradually turns into a rock because of the influence of the temperature and the pressure of the layer above it. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria describe the remains of the microorganism and turn it into oil and gas.
The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. The oil and the formed gas permeate in the porous rocks like water in rock. Oil and gas can also migrate from one region to another, then concentrated if blocked by an impermeable layer. Although petroleum and natural gas are formed on the ocean floor, many sources of oil and gas are found on land. This happens because of the movement of the earth's shell, so that part of the ocean becomes the land.
The coal is believed to originate from trees and ferns that lived about 3 million years ago, then buried perhaps because of an earthquake or volcanic eruption.
2. Composition of Natural Gas, Petroleum and Coal
Natural gas consists of low temperature alkanes ie methane, ethane, propane, and butane with methane as its main component. In addition there are also alkana alkana other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Alkanes are a class of compounds that are less reactive because it is difficult to react so called paraffin which means small affinity. Important reactions of alkanes are burning, substitution, and cracking. Perfect burning produces CO2 and H2O
Reaction of propane burning
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O If incomplete combustion produces CO and H2O, or soot (carbon particles)
Some gas wells also contain helium. Ethane in natural gas is usually separated for industrial use. Propane and Butane are also separated and then melted known as LPG. Methane is primarily used as a fuel, a source of hydrogen and for the manufacture of methanol.
Petroleum is a complex compound consisting mostly of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons contained in petroleum are mainly alkanes, then cycloalkanes. Other components are aromatic hydrocarbons, little alkene and various carbon compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The composition of petroleum sngat varies from well to other wells and from one region to another.
HOW TO MINING EARTH

Petroleum is usually 3-4 km below the surface. Petroleum is obtained by making a wellbore. In Indonesia oil mining is found in various places, such as Aceh, North Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Irian Jaya. Crude oil (crude oil) is a thick black liquid and smells less savory. Crude oil can not be used as fuel or for other purposes, but must be processed first.
Crude oil (cruide oil) contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons with the number of C-1 atoms up to 50, since the boiling point of carbon has increased as the number of C atoms increases in the molecule.Therefore petroleum refining (petroleum refining) is done through multilevel distillation, Where crude oil is separated into groups (fractions) with similar boiling points. Initially the crude oil is at about 400 ° C, then flowed into the fractionation tower.
Components with high boiling point will remain liquid and down, while lower boiling points will evaporate and rise to the top through the hood.
PROCESS OF EARTHQUAKE OIL AND RESULT
Refining is the process of converting crude oil into a marketable product through a combination of physical and chemical processes.
Ø Products produced from the refining / refining process
These include:
1. Light destilates are components with the smallest molecular weights.
A. Gasoline (United States) or motor spirit (UK) or gasoline (Indonesia)
Has the lowest boiling point and is a key product in the distillation used as a motor burner (: 45% of the crude oil is processed to produce gasoline.
B. Naphtha is a material that has a boiling point between gasoline and hardin.
Some naphta is used as:
- Solvent dry cleaning (washing)
- Rubber solvent
- Ethylene starting material
- In kemileteran used as jet fuel dikenanl as jP-4
C. Kerosene has the highest boiling point and is commonly used as
- Kerosene
- jet fuel for air plane
2. Intermediate destilates are gasoline or diesel fuel whose use as fuel transportation heavy trucks, trains, commercial small boats, agricultural equipment and others.
3.Heavy destilates are components with high molecular weight. This fraction is usually transformed into lubricant oils, high-density oils of fuel, wax and stock cracking. 4.Residu includes asphalt, oil fuel residue and petrolatum.
Petroleum Processing
In petroleum processing involves 2 main processes, namely:
1. The process of separation (separation processes)
2. The conversion process (convertion processes)
The refinery process is first to convert the oil component to sold fractions in the form of several types of distillation. Several chemical treatments and heating are done to improve the quality of the crude oil product obtained. For example, in 1912, gasoline demand exceeded supply and to meet the demand, high heating and pressure processes were used to change the unexpected fraction. Large molecules become smaller in the range of boiling point of gasoline, this process is called cracking.
A. Separation Processes
The operating unit used in oil refineries is usually simple but complex is the interconnection and interaction. The process of separation is:
1. Distillation
Gasoline, hardin and gaseous oils are usually distilled at atmospheric pressure,
The fractions of the lubricating oil will reach higher temperatures where the zydrocarbon substances begin to decompose (usually between 375 -400 ° C) because it is preferable if the lubricating oil is distilled under reduced pressure. Pressure reduction is obtained by using a vacuum pump.
2. Absorption
Generally used to separate high boilers with gases. Gas oil is used to absorb natural gasoline from wet gases. The gases are removed from the gas storage tanks as a result of solar heating which is then reabsorbed by the plant. Steam stripping is generally used to absorb lightweight fraction hydrocarbons and improve gas oil absorption capacity.
This process is carried out primarily in the following matters:
- To obtain natural gasoline fractions that can be mixed in gasoline.
- For separation of fractures in a very light fraction (eg fractions comprising hydrogen, methane, ethane) and heavier fractions having higher components.
- To produce usable gasoline from various gas pulp from a smoothing installation.
3. Adsorption
The adsorption process is used to obtain the weight material from the gas.
The most important use of the adsorption process in the oil industry is:
- To obtain parts containing gasoline (natural gasoline) from gases
Buni, in which case active charcoal is used.
- To remove parts that give color and other things that are not desired from oil, used clay to remove color and bauxiet (oxide-aluminum seeds).
4. Filtration
Used to remove the wax deposits from waxes containing distillates. Filtration with clay is used to decolorize fractions.
5. Crystallization
Prior to filtration the wax should be crystallized to fit the size of the crystal by cooling and stirring. Unwanted candles are removed and become traded microcrystalline waxes.
6. Extraction
This work is based on the division of a particular material in two parts having different dissolving properties.
B. Conversion Process
Almost 70% of the crude oil is converted in the USA, the mechanisms involved in the formation of "carbonium ions" and "free radicals".
Below are a few examples of important basic conversion reactions:
1. Cracking or Pyrolysis
Cracking or pyirolisis is the process of breaking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules in the presence of heating or catalyst.
C7H15C15H30C7H15 C7H16 + C6H12CH2 + C14H28CH2
Heavy gas oil gasoline gasalin (anti knock) Recycle stockWith sufficient warming and catalyst, the paraffin hydrocarbon will break into two or more fragments and one of them is olefin. All cracking reactions are endothermic and involve high energy. The cracking process includes:
* The process of pure thermal cracking
This process is the breaking up of large molecules of hydrocarbons carried out at high temperatures that act on the starting material for a certain time. In its implementation it is not possible to regulate the resulting product on
A cracking process, usually in addition to generating gasoline (gasoline) also contains smaller molecules (gases) and larger molecules (having a higher boiling point than gasoline). The cracking process is performed to produce heavy gasoline fractions that have bad octane numbers because the octane number generally increases if the boiling point falls. So on the cracking of heavy gasoline will be obtained an improvement in the quality of the ingredients of the burner caused by 2 things, namely:
- Average boiling point decrease
- The formation of alken
Therefore octane numbers can increase very high, for example from
45-50 to 75-80.
* The process of cracking the thermis with a catalyst
In the presence of a catalyst the cracking reaction can occur at lower temperatures. The advantages of the thermal-catalyst process are:
- The comparison between gasoline to gas is very good because it is caused by the shorter cracking time at lower temperatures.
- The resulting gasoline indicates a better octane number.
In the presence of a catalyst there may be an isomerization process, in which alkene alkenes with luru chains are converted to branched hydrocarbons, further aromatics occur in higher gasoline fractions which may also affect octane numbers.
* The process of cracking with chloride-aluminum (AlCl3) is water-free
When oil with low aromatic levels is heated with water-free AlCl3 at a temperature of 180-2000C it will form gasoline under certain circumstances and time. A non-aromatic material (eg, pure paraffin) with 2 or 5% AlCl 3 can convert most (90%) of the material into gasoline, the other part will be up to char in the kettle. Surprisingly in this process the resulting gasoline does not contain alkene-alkene but still has a fair octane number, this is probably due to the fact that most of the alkenes are branched. The disadvantages of this process are:
- Expensive because AlCl3 used will sublimate and parse.
- Workable materials are limited.
- At the time of the reaction, a lot of salt acid gas must be used
Tools that are corrosion resistant.
2. Polymerization
The formation of a polymer between the same molecular bonds is a bond with darilight gasoline.
C C catalyst C C
C & ndash; C = C + C & ndash; C = C C & ndash; C & ndash; C & ndash; C = C + C - C - C - C = C - C
Temperature / pressure C C C
Short chain does not saturate longer chains
The polymerization process converts the hyrocarbon gas byproduct resulting from cracking into liquid hydrocarbons which can be used as:
- Motor fuel and aviation with high octane numbers.
- Petrochemical raw materials.
The main basic ingredient in the polymerization process is olefin (unsaturated hydrocarbons) obtained from cracking still. For example: Propylene, n-butylene, isobutylene.
CH3 CH3 CH3 H3PO4
2CH3 & ndash; C - CH2 CH3 - C - CH2 - C = CH2 C12H24
CH3 tetramer or tetrapropylene
Isobutelin diisobutylene (mixture of isomers)
3. Alkylation
The alkylation process is a process of combining olefins from aromatics or
Paraffinic hydrocarbons.
C catalyst C
C = C + C - C - C C - C - C - C
C
Ethylene isobutan 2,2-dimethylbutan or neoheksan (unsaturated) (isounsaturated) (saturated branched chain) The alkylation process is exothermic and essentially the same as polymerization, differing only in parts of charging stock need be unsaturated. As a result, the alkylate product does not contain olefins
And has a high octane number. This method is based on the reactivity of the
Tertiary carbon from isobutane with olefins, such as propylene, butylene and amylene.
4. Hydrogenation
This process is the addition of hydrogen to olefins. The hydrogen catalyst is the metal selected depending on the compound to be reduced and under hydrogenation conditions, for example Pt, Pd, Ni, and Cu.
C H2 C
C & ndash; C & ndash; C = C - C C - C & ndash; C & ndash; C - C
C catalyst C C diisobutylene isooktan
In addition to saturating double bonds, hydrogenation can be used to eliminate other elements of the molecule, these elements include oxygen, nitrogen, halogens and sulfur.
5. Hydrocracking
The hydrocracking process is the addition of hydrogen to the cracking process.
C17H15C15H30C7H15 + H2 C7H16 + C7H16 + C15H32
Heavy gas oil straight chain branched chain recycle stock
6. Isomerization
The isomerization process changes the structure of the atoms in the Molecules in the absence of atomic number changes.
3000C
C - C - C - C C - C - C
AlCl3
This process is important because it can produce the iso-butane needed to make the alkylate as the aviation gasoline base.
CH3
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - CH - CH3
N-butane iso-butane
7. Reforming or Aromatization
Reforming is a conversion process of naphtha to obtain products that have high octane numbers, in this process usually using rhenium, platinum and chromium catalysts.
CH3
hot
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 + 4H2
Cr2O3 in Al2O3
Determination of Gasoline Quality
Fuel Type Petrol Oil is a common name for some types of fuel that is destined for engines with ignition by ignition. In Indonesia there are several types of gasoline fuel that has different grades of combustion quality. The value of this type of gasoline fuel quality is calculated based on the RON (Randon Otcane Number) value. Based on the RON, the gasoline is divided into 3 types:
- Premium (RON 88): Premium is a clear yellowish color distillate oil. The yellow color is due to the addition of dye. The use of premium in general is for gasoline motor vehicle fuel, such as: car, motorcycle, outboard motor and others. This fuel is often also called gasoline or petrol motor.
- Pertamax (RON 92): intended for vehicles that require the use of high-octane and unleaded fuel. Pertamax is also recommended for vehicles manufactured over 1990 especially those that have used technology equivalent to electronic fuel injection and catalytic converters.
- Pertamax Plus (RON 95): This fuel type meets International World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) performance standards. Intended for state-of-the-art vehicles that require the use of high-octane and environmentally friendly fuel. Pertamax Plus is highly recommended for vehicles with compression ratio> 10.5 and also using Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) technology, Variable Valve Timing Intelligent (VVTI), (VTI), Turbochargers and catalytic converters.